![]() It can be strengthened through heat treatment. Due to the high carbon content, it is difficult to weld. This higher carbon content is the primary difference between ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steel has high carbon content (up to 2%) and low chromium content. It generally cannot be strengthened through heat treatment, and can only be strengthened via cold work. It has good corrosion resistance rather than high strength. Common applications include fasteners, pressure vessels, and piping.įerritic stainless steel has high chromium content and medium carbon content. Austenitic stainless steels are not magnetic, although ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are. Austenitic stainless steels are generally more expensive than other stainless steels due to nickel content. It can only be strengthened through cold work. It is also the most weldable of the stainless steels due to its low carbon content. It has the highest general corrosion resistance among stainless steels. The table below shows the typical compositions of stainless steels:Īustenitic stainless steel is the most common form of stainless steel. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is a result of this passivation. Passivation occurs with chromium content at or above 12%, in which case a protective inert film of chromic oxide forms over the material and prevents oxidation. Stainless steels have a chromium composition of at least 11%. Stainless steels have good corrosion resistance, mostly due to the addition of chromium as an alloying ingredient. Alloying elements are typically chosen to optimize hardness, wear resistance, and toughness. Tool steels are primarily used to make tooling for use in manufacturing, for example cutting tools, drill bits, punches, dies, and chisels. The table below provides representative mechanical properties for several common alloy steels. What sets HSLA steels apart from other low-alloy steels is that they are designed to achieve specific mechanical properties rather than to meet a specific chemical composition. Some low-alloy steels are designated as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. Low-alloy steels are typically stronger than carbon steels and have better corrosion resistance. Low-alloy steels, also commonly called alloy steels, contain less than about 8% total alloying ingredients. NOTE : See our materials database for data conforming to specific material specifications. The table below provides representative mechanical properties for several common carbon steels. Common uses include drills, cutting tools, knives, and springs. High-carbon steel contains between about 0.70% to 1.40% carbon. Medium-carbon steel is frequently used for axles, gears, shafts, and machine parts. It can be heat treated to increase strength, especially with the higher carbon contents. Medium-carbon steel contains between about 0.30% to 0.70% carbon. Common uses for low-carbon steel include wire, structural shapes, machine parts, and sheet metal. Low-carbon steel is very weldable and is inexpensive to produce. Some strengthening can be achieved through cold working, but it does not respond well to heat treatment. It is characterized by low strength but high ductility. Low-carbon steel has less than about 0.30% carbon. Most carbon steels are plain carbon steels, of which there are several types. The effect of adding carbon is an increase in strength and hardness. They may contain small amounts of other elements, but carbon is the primary alloying ingredient. In general, higher levels of carbon increase strength and hardness, and decrease ductility and weldability.Ĭarbon steels are basically just mixtures of iron and carbon. The biggest disadvantage of many ferrous alloys is low corrosion resistance.Ĭarbon is an important alloying element in all ferrous alloys. Ferrous alloys are the most common metal alloys in use due to the abundance of iron, ease of production, and high versatility of the material. These alloys and include steels and cast irons. Metal alloy compositions are described in terms of the percentages of the various elements in the alloy, where the percentages are measured by weight.įerrous alloys have iron as the base element. The goal of alloying is to improve the properties of the base material in some desirable way. The combination usually occurs through a process of melting, mixing, and cooling. Metal alloys are especially common, and they are formed by combining a metal with one or more other metallic and/or non-metallic materials. Metals are the most commonly used class of engineering material. ![]()
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